第一部分一国的国际不法行为

第一章一般原则

第一条　一国对其国际不法行为的责任
一国的每一国际不法行为引起该国的国际责任。

第二条　一国国际不法行为的要素
一国国际不法行为在下列情况下发生：
（a）由作为或不作为构成的行为依国际法归于该国；并且
（b）该行为构成对该国国际义务的违背。

第三条　把一国的行为定性为国际不法行为
在把一国的行为定性为国际不法行为时须遵守国际法。这种定性不因国内法把同一行为定性为合法行为而受到影响。

第二章把行为归于一国

第四条　一国的机关的行为
1．任何国家机关，不论行使立法、行政、司法职能，还是任何其他职能，不论在国家组织中具有何种地位，也不论作为该国中央政府机关或一领土单位机关而具有何种特性，其行为应视为国际法所指的国家行为。
2．机关包括依该国国内法具有此种地位的任何个人或实体。

第五条　行使政府权力要素的个人或实体的行为
虽非第4条所指的国家机关但经该国法律授权而行使政府权力要素的个人或实体，其行为应视为国际法所指的国家行为，但以该个人或实体在特定情况下以此种资格行事者为限。

第六条　由另一国交由一国支配的机关的行为
由另一国交由一国支配的机关，若为行使支配该机关的国家权力要素而行事，其行为依国际法应视为支配该机关的国家的行为。

第七条　逾越权限或违背指示
国家机关或经授权行使政府权力要素的个人或实体，若以此种资格行事，即使逾越权限或违背指示。其行为仍应视为国际法所指的国家行为。

第八条　受到国家指挥或控制的行为
如果一人或一群人实际上是在按照国家的指示或在其指挥或控制下行事，其行为应视为国际法所指的一国的行为。

第九条　正式当局不存在或缺席时实施的行为
如果一人或一群人在正式当局不存在或缺席和在需要行使上述权力要素的情况下实际上正在行使政府权力要素，其行为应视为国际法所指的一国的行为。

第十条　叛乱运动或其他运动的行为
1．成为一国新政府的叛乱运动的行为应视为国际法所指的该国的行为。
2．在一个先已存在的国家的一部分领土或其管理下的某一领土内组成一个新的国家的叛乱运动或其他运动的行为，依国际法应视为该新国家的行为。
3．本条不妨碍把不论以何种方式涉及有关运动的、按照第4条至第9条的规定应视为该国行为的任何行为归于该国。

第十一条　经一国确认并当作其本身行为的行为
按照前述各条款不归于一国的行为，在并且只在该国承认和当作其本身行为的行为的情况下。依国际法应视为该国的行为。

第三章违背国际义务

第十二条　违背国际义务行为的发生
一国的行为如不符合国际义务对它的要求，即为违背国际义务，而不论该义务的起源或特性为何。

第十三条　对一国为有效的国际义务
一国的行为不构成对一国际义务的违背，除非该行为是在该义务对该国有约束力的时期发生。

第十四条　违背义务行为在时间上的延续
1．没有持续性的一国行为违背国际义务时，该行为发生的时刻即为违背义务行为发生的时刻，即使其影响继续存在。
2．有持续性的一国行为违背国际义务时，该行为延续的时间为该行为持续、并且一直不遵守该国际义务的整个期间。
3．一国违背要求它防止某一特定事件之国际义务的行为开始于该事件发生的时刻。该行为延续的时间为该事件持续、并且一直不遵守该义务的整个期间。

第十五条　一复合行为违背义务
1．一国通过被一并定义为不法行为的一系列作为和不作为违背国际义务的情事，发生于一作为和不作为发生的时刻，该作为和不作为连同其他的作为和不作为看待，足以构成不法行为。
2．在上述情况下，该违背义务行为持续的时间为一系列作为和不作为中的的第一个开始发生到此类行为再次发生并且一直不遵守该国国际义务的整个期间。

第四章一国对另一国行为的责任

第十六条　援助或协助实施一国际不法行为
援助或协助另一国实施其国际不法行为的国家应该对此种行为负国际责任，如果：
（a）该国在知道该国际不法行为的情况下这样做，而且
（b）该行为若由该国实施会构成国际不法行为。

第十七条　指挥或控制一国际不法行为的实施
指挥或控制另一国实施其国际不法行为的国家应该对该行为负国际责任，如果：
（a）该国在知道该国际不法行为的情况下这样做；而且
（b）该行为若由该国实施会构成国际不法行为。

第十八条　胁迫另一国
胁迫另一国实施一行为的国家应该对该行为负国际责任，如果：
（a）在没有胁迫的情况下。该行为仍会是被胁迫国的国际不法行为；而且
（b）胁迫国在知道该胁迫行为的情况下这样做。

第十九条　本章的效力
本章不妨碍实施有关行为的国家或任何其他国家根据这些条款的其他规定应该承担的国际责任。

第五章解除行为不法性的情况

第二十条　同意
一国以有效方式表示同意另一国实施某项特定行为时，该特定行为的不法性在与该国家的关系上即告解除。但以该行为不逾越该项同意的范围为限。

第二十一条　自卫
一国的行为如构成按照〈联合国宪章〉采取的合法自卫措施，该行为的不法性即告解除。

第二十二条　对一国际不法行为采取的反措施
一国不遵守其对另一国国际义务的行为，在并且只在该行为构成按照第三部分第二章针对该另一国采取的一项反措施的情况下。其不法性才可解除。

第二十三条　不可抗力
1．一国不遵守其对另一国国际义务的行为如起因于不可抗力，即有不可抗拒的力量或该国无力控制、无法预料的事件发生。以至该国在这种情况下实际上不可能履行义务，该行为的不法性即告解除。
2．在下列情况下第1款不适用：
（a）不可抗力的情况是由援引此种情况的国家的行为单独导致或与其他因素一并导致；或
（b）该国已承担发生这种情况的风险。

第二十四条　危难
1．就一国不遵守该国国际义务的行为而言，如有关行为人在遭遇危难的情况下为了挽救其生命或受其监护的其他人的生命，除此行为之外，别无其他合理方法，该行为的不法性即告解除。
2．在下列情况下第1款不适用：
（a）危难情况是由援引此种情况的国家的行为单独导致或与其他因素一并导致；或
（b）有关行为可能造成类似的或更大的灾难。

第二十五条　危急情况
1．一国不得援引危急情况作为理由解除不遵守该国某项国际义务的行为的不法性，除非：
（a）该行为是该国保护基本利益，对抗某项严重迫切危险的唯一办法；而且
（b）该行为并不严重损害作为所负义务对象的一国或数国或整个国际社会的基本利益。
2．一国不得在以下情况下援引危急情况作为解除其行为不法性的理由：
（a）有关国际义务排除援引危急情况的可能性；或
（b）该国促成了该危急情况。

第二十六条　对强制性规范的遵守
违反一般国际法某一强制性规范所产生的义务的一国，不得以本章中的任何规定作为解除其任何行为之不法性的理由。

第二十七条　援引解除行为不法性的情况的后果
根据本章援引解除行为不法性的情况不妨碍：
（a）在并且只在解除行为不法性的情况不再存在时遵守该项义务；
（b）对该行为所造成的任何物质损失的赔偿问题。

第二部分一国国际责任的内容

第一章一般原则

第二十八条　国际不法行为的法律后果
一国依照第一部分的规定对一国国际不法行为的国际责任，产生本部分所列的法律后果。

第二十九条　继续履行的责任
本部分所规定的一国际不法行为的法律后果不影响责任国继续履行所违背义务的责任。

第三十条　停止和不重复
国际不法行为的责任国有义务：
（a）在从事一项持续性的不法行为时，停止该行为；
（b）在必要情况下，提供不重复该行为的适当承诺和保证。

第三十一条　赔偿
1．责任国有义务对国际不法行为所造成的损害提供充分赔偿；
2．损害包括一国国际不法行为造成的任何损害，无论是物质损害还是精神损害。

第三十二条　与国内法无关
责任国不得以其国内法的规定作为不能按照本部分的规定遵守其义务的理由。

第三十三条　本部分所列国际义务的范围
1．本部分规定的责任国义务可能是对另一国、若干国家或对整个国际社会承担的义务，具体取决于该国际义务的特性和内容及违反义务的情况。
2．本部分不妨碍任何人或国家以外的实体由于一国的国际责任可能直接取得的任何权利。

第二章赔偿损害

第三十四条　赔偿方式
对国际不法行为造成的损害充分赔偿，应按照本章的规定，单独或合并地采取恢复原状、补偿和抵偿的方式。

第三十五条　恢复原状
在并且只在下列情况下，一国际不法行为的责任国有义务恢复原状，即恢复到实施不法行为以前所存在的状况：
（a）恢复原状并非实际上办不到的；
（b）从恢复原状而不要求补偿所得到的利益不致与所引起的负担完全不成比例。

第三十六条　补偿
1．一国际不法行为的责任国有义务补偿该行为造成的任何损害，如果这种损害没有以恢复原状的方式得到赔偿；
2．这种补偿应该弥补在经济上可以评估的任何损害，包括可以确定的利润损失。

第三十七条　抵偿
1．一国际不法行为的责任国有义务抵偿该行为造成的损失，如果这种损失不能以恢复原状或补偿的方式得到赔偿；
2．抵偿可采取承认不法行为、表示遗憾、正式道歉，或另一种合适的方式。
3．抵偿不应与损失不成比例，而且不得采取羞辱责任国的方式。

第三十八条　利息
1．为确保充分赔偿，必要时，应支付根据本章所应支付的任何本金金额的利息。应为取得这一结果规定利率和计算方法。
2．利息应从支付本金金额之日起算，至履行了支付义务之日为止。

第三十九条　促成损害
在确定赔偿时，应考虑到提出索赔的受害国或任何人或实体由于故意或疏忽以作为或不作为促成损害的情况。

第三章严重违背依一般国际法强制性规范承担的义务

第四十条　本章的适用
1．本章适用于一国严重违背依一般国际法强制性规范承担的义务所产生的国际责任。
2．如果这种违约情况是由于责任国严重或系统性违约所引起的，则为严重违约行为。

第四十一条　严重违背依本章承担的一项义务的特定后果
1．各国应进行合作，通过合法手段制止第40条含义范围内的任何严重违背义务行为。
2．任何国家均不得承认第40条含义范围内的严重违背义务行为所造成的情况为合法，也不得协助或援助保持该状况。
3．本条不妨碍本部分所指的其他后果和本章适用的违背义务行为可能依国际法引起的进一步的此类后果。

第三部分一国国际责任的履行

第一章一国责任的援引

第四十二条　一受害国援引责任
一国有权在下列情况下作为受害国援引另一国的责任：
（a）被违背的义务是个别地对它承担的义务；
（b）被违背的义务是对包括该国在内的一国家集团或对整个国际社会承担的义务；而
（一）对此义务的违背特别影响该国；或
（二）彻底改变了由于该项义务被违背而受到影响的所有其他国家对进一步履行该项义务的立场。

第四十三条　一受害国通知其要求
1．援引另一国责任的受害国应将其要求通知该国。
2．受害国可具体指明：
（a）从事一项持续性不法行为的责任国应如何停止该行为；
（b）应根据第二部分的规定采取哪种赔偿形式。

第四十四条　可否提出要求
在下列情况下不得援引另一国的责任：
（a）不是按照涉及国籍的任何可适用的规则提出要求；
（b）该项要求适用用尽当地补救办法规则，却未用尽可利用的有效当地补救办法。

第四十五条　援引责任权利的丧失
在下列情况下不得援引另一国的责任：
（a）受害国已以有效方式放弃要求；或
（b）受害国基于其行为应被视为已以有效方式默许其要求失效。

第四十六条　数个受害国
在数个国家由于同一国际不法行为而受害的情况下，每一受害国可分别援引实施了该国际不法行为的国家的责任。

第四十七条　数个责任国
1．在数个国家应为同一国际不法行为负责任的情况下，可对每一国家援引涉及该行为的责任：
2．第1款：
（a）不允许任何受害国取回多于所受损失的补偿；
（b）不妨碍对其他责任国的任何追索权利。

第四十八条　受害国以外的国家援引责任
1．受害国以外的任何国家有权按照第2款在下列情况下对另一国援引责任：
（a）被违背的义务是对包括该国在内的一国家集团承担的、为保护该集团的集体利益而确立的义务；或
（b）被违背的义务是对整个国际社会承担的义务。
2．有权按照第1款援引责任的任何国家可要求责任国：
（a）按照第30条的规定，停止国际不法行为，并提供不重复的承诺和保证；和
（b）按照前几条中的规定履行向受害国或被违背之义务的受益人提供赔偿的义务。
3．受害国根据第43条、第44条和第45条援引责任的必要条件，适用于有权根据第1款对另一国援引责任的国家援引责任的情况。

第二章反措施

第四十九条　反措施的目的和限制
1．一受害国只在为促使一国际不法行为的责任国依第二部分履行其义务时，才可对该国采取反措施。
2．反措施限于暂不履行对责任国采取措施的一国的国际义务。
3．反措施应尽可能容许恢复履行有关义务。

第五十条　不受反措施影响的义务
1．反措施不得影响下列义务：
（a）（联合国宪章〉中规定的不得实行武力威胁或使用武力的义务；
（b）保护基本人权的义务；
（c）禁止报复的人道主义性质的义务；
（d）依一般国际法强制性规范承担的其他义务。
2．采取反措施的国家仍应履行其下列义务：
（a）实行它与责任国之间任何可适用的现行解决争端程序；
（b）尊重外交或领事人员、馆舍、档案和文件之不可侵犯性。

第五十一条　相称
反措施必须和所遭受的损害相称，并应考虑到国际不法行为的严重程度和有关权利。

第五十二条　与采取反措施有关的条件
1．一受害国在采取反措施以前应：
（a）根据第43条要求责任国按照第二部分的规定履行其义务；
（b）将采取反措施的任何决定通知责任国并提议与该国进行谈判。
2．虽有第1款（b）项的规定，受害国可采取必要的紧急反措施以维护其权利。
3．在下列情况下不得采取反措施，如已采取，务必停止，不得无理拖延：
（a）国际不法行为已经停止，并且
（b）已将争端提交有权作出对当事国具有约束力之决定的法院或法庭。
4．若责任国不秉诚履行解决争端程序，第3款即不适用。

第五十三条　终止反措施
一旦责任国按照第二部分履行其与国际不法行为有关的义务，即应尽快终止反措施。

第五十四条　受害国以外的国家采取的反措施
本章不妨碍依第48条第1款有权援引另一国责任的任何国家，对该另一国采取合法措施以确保停止该违背义务行为和使受害国和被违背之该义务的受益人得到赔偿。

第四部分一般规定

第五十五条　特别法
在并且只在一国际不法行为的存在条件或一国国际责任的内容或履行应由国际法特别规则规定的情况下，不得适用本条款。

第五十六条　本条款中没有明文规定的国家责任问题
在本条款中没有明文规定的情况下，关于一国对一国际不法行为的责任问题，仍应遵守可适用的国际法规则。

第五十七条　国际组织的责任
本条款不影响一国际组织依国际法承担的，或任何国家对一国际组织的行为责任的任何问题。

第五十八条　个人的责任
本条款不影响以国家名义行事的任何人在国际法中的个人责任问题。

第五十九条　《联合国宪章》
本条款不妨碍《联合国宪章》的规定。

原文

Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts

Part one：The internationally wrongful act of a state

Chapter I：General principles

Article l：Responsibility of a State for its internationally wrongful acts

Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State.

Article 2：Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State

There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission:

（a）is attributable to the State under international law; and

（b）constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State.

Article 3：Characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful

The characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful is governed by international law. Such characterization is not affected by the characterization of the same act as lawful by internal law.

Chapter II ：Attribution of conduct to a State

Article 4：Conduct of organs of a State

The conduct of any State organ shall be considered an act of that State under international law, whether the organ exercises legislative, executive, judicial or any other functions, whatever position it holds in the organization of the State, and whatever its character as an organ of the central Government or of a territorial unit of the State.

An organ includes any person or entity which has that status in accordance with the internal law of the State.

Article 5：Conduct of persons or entities exercising elements of governmental authority

The conduct of a person or entity which is not an organ of the State under article 4 but which is empowered by the law of that State to exercise elements of the governmental authority shall be considered an act of the State under international law, provided the person or entity is acting in that capacity in the particular instance.

Article 6：Conduct of organs placed at the disposal of a State by another State

The conduct of an organ placed at the disposal of a State by another State shall be considered an act of the former State under international law if the organ is acting in the exercise of elements of the governmental authority of the State at whose disposal it is placed.

Article 7：Excess of authority or contravention of instructions

The conduct of an organ of a State or of a person or entity empowered to exercise elements of the governmental authority shall be considered an act of the State under international law if the organ, person or entity acts in that capacity, even if it exceeds its authority or contravenes instructions.

Article 8：Conduct directed or controlled by a State

The conduct of a person or group of persons shall be considered an act of a State under international law if the person or group of persons is in fact acting on the instructions of, or under the direction or control of, that State in carrying out the conduct.

Article 9：Conduct carried out in the absence or default of the official authorities

The conduct of a person or group of persons shall be considered an act of a State under international law if the person or group of persons is in fact exercising elements of the governmental authority in the absence or default of the official authorities and in circumstances such as to call for the exercise of those elements of authority.

Article 10：Conduct of an insurrectional or other movement

The conduct of an insurrectional movement which becomes the new Government of a State shall be considered an act of that State under international law.

The conduct of a movement, insurrectional or other, which succeeds in establishing a new State in part of the territory of a pre-existing State or in a territory under its administration shall be considered an act of the new State under international law.

This article is without prejudice to the attribution to a State of any conduct, however related to that of the movement concerned, which is to be considered an act of that State by virtue of articles 4 to 9.

Article 11：Conduct acknowledged and adopted by a State as its own

Conduct which is not attributable to a State under the preceding articles shall nevertheless be considered an act of that State under international law if and to the extent that the State acknowledges and adopts the conduct in question as its own.

Chapter III：Breach of an international obligation

Article 12：Existence of a breach of an international obligation

There is a breach of an international obligation by a State when an act of that State is not in conformity with what is required of it by that obligation, regardless of its origin or character.

Article 13：International obligation in force for a State

An act of a State does not constitute a breach of an international obligation unless the State is bound by the obligation in question at the time the act occurs.

Article 14：Extension in time of the breach of an international obligation

The breach of an international obligation by an act of a State not having a continuing character occurs at the moment when the act is performed, even if its effects continue.

The breach of an international obligation by an act of a State having a continuing character extends over the entire period during which the act continues and remains not in conformity with the international obligation.

The breach of an international obligation requiring a State to prevent a given event occurs when the event occurs and extends over the entire period during which the event continues and remains not in conformity with that obligation.

Article 15：Breach consisting of a composite act

The breach of an international obligation by a State through a series of actions or omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

In such a case, the breach extends over the entire period starting with the first of the actions or omissions of the series and lasts for as long as these actions or omissions are repeated and remain not in conformity with the international obligation.

Chapter IV：Responsibility of a State in connection with the act of another State

Article 16：Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

A State which aids or assists another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the latter is internationally responsible for doing so if:

（a）that State does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act; and

（b）the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

Article 17：Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

A State which directs and controls another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the latter is internationally responsible for that act if:

（a）that State does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act; and

（b）the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

Article 18：Coercion of another State

A State which coerces another State to commit an act is internationally responsible for that act if:

（a）the act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State; and

（b）the coercing State does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the act.

Article 19：Effect of this chapter

This chapter is without prejudice to the international responsibility, under other provisions of these articles, of the State which commits the act in question, or of any other State.

Chapter V：Circumstances precluding wrongfulness

Article 20 Consent

Valid consent by a State to the commission of a given act by another State precludes the wrongfulness of that act in relation to the former State to the extent that the act remains within the limits of that consent.

Article 21 Self-defence

The wrongfulness of an act of a State is precluded if the act constitutes a lawful measure of self- defence taken in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

Article 22：Countermeasures in respect of an internationally wrongful act

The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation towards another State is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a countermeasure taken against the latter State in accordance with chapter II of part three.

Article 23：Force majeure

The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation of that State is precluded if the act is due to force majeure, that is the occurrence of an irresistible force or of an unforeseen event, beyond the control of the State, making it materially impossible in the circumstances to perform the obligation.

Paragraph 1 does not apply if:

（a）the situation of force majeure is due, either alone or in combination with other factors, to the conduct of the State invoking it; or

（b）the State has assumed the risk of that situation occurring.

Article 24 Distress

The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation of that State is precluded if the author of the act in question has no other reasonable way, in a situation of distress, of saving the author’s life or the lives of other persons entrusted to the author’s care.

Paragraph 1 does not apply if:

（a）the situation of distress is due, either alone or in combination with other factors, to the conduct of the State invoking it; or

（b）the act in question is likely to create a comparable or greater peril.

Article 25 Necessity

Necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for precluding the wrongfulness of an act not in conformity with an international obligation of that State unless the act:

（A）is the only way for the State to safeguard an essential interest against a grave and imminent peril; and

（b）does not seriously impair an essential interest of the State or States towards which the obligation exists, or of the international community as a whole.

In any case, necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for precluding wrongfulness

if:

（a）the international obligation in question excludes the possibility of invoking necessity; or

（a）the State has contributed to the situation of necessity.

Article 26：Compliance with peremptory norms

Nothing in this chapter precludes the wrongfulness of any act of a State which is not in conformity with an obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law.

Article 27：Consequences of invoking a circumstance precluding wrongfulness

The invocation of a circumstance precluding wrongfulness in accordance with this chapter is without prejudice to:

compliance with the obligation in question, if and to the extent that the circumstance precluding wrongfulness no longer exists;

the question of compensation for any material loss caused by the act in question.

Part two：Content of the international responsibility of a State

Chapter I：General principles

Article 28：Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act

The international responsibility of a State which is entailed by an internationally wrongful act in accordance with the provisions of part one involves legal consequences as set out in this part.

Article 29：Continued duty of performance

The legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act under this part do not affect the continued duty of the responsible State to perform the obligation breached.

Article 30：Cessation and non-repetition

The State responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation:

to cease that act, if it is continuing;

to offer appropriate assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, if circumstances so require.

Article 31：Reparation

The responsible State is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act.

Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of a State.

Article 32：Irrelevance of internal law

The responsible State may not rely on the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to comply with its obligations under this part.

Article 33：Scope of international obligations set out in this part

The obligations of the responsible State set out in this part may be owed to another State, to several States, or to the international community as a whole, depending in particular on the character and content of the international obligation and on the circumstances of the breach.

This part is without prejudice to any right, arising from the international responsibility of a State, which may accrue directly to any person or entity other than a State.

Chapter II：Reparation for injury

Article 34：Forms of reparation

Full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act shall take the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly or in combination, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.

Article 35 Restitution

A State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re-establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution:

is not materially impossible;

does not involve a burden out of all proportion to the benefit deriving from restitution instead of compensation.

Article 36 Compensation

The State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to compensate for the damage caused thereby, insofar as such damage is not made good by restitution.

The compensation shall cover any financially assessable damage including loss of profits insofar as it is established.

Article 37 Satisfaction

The State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to give satisfaction for the injury caused by that act insofar as it cannot be made good by restitution or compensation.

Satisfaction may consist in an acknowledgement of the breach, an expression of regret, a formal apology or another appropriate modality.

Satisfaction shall not be out of proportion to the injury and may not take a form humiliating to the responsible State.

Article 38 Interest

Interest on any principal sum due under this chapter shall be payable when necessary in order to ensure full reparation. The interest rate and mode of calculation shall be set so as to achieve that result.

Interest runs from the date when the principal sum should have been paid until the date the obligation to pay is fulfilled.

Article 39：Contribution to the injury

In the determination of reparation, account shall be taken of the contribution to the injury by wilful or negligent action or omission of the injured State or any person or entity in relation to whom reparation is sought.

Chapter III：Serious breaches of obligations under peremptory norms of general international law

Article 40：Application of this chapter

This chapter applies to the international responsibility which is entailed by a serious breach by a State of an obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law.

A breach of such an obligation is serious if it involves a gross or systematic failure by the responsible State to fulfil the obligation.

Article 41：Particular consequences of a serious breach of an obligation under this chapter

States shall cooperate to bring to an end through lawful means any serious breach within the meaning of article 40.

No State shall recognize as lawful a situation created by a serious breach within the meaning of article 40, nor render aid or assistance in maintaining that situation.

This article is without prejudice to the other consequences referred to in this part and to such further consequences that a breach to which this chapter applies may entail under international law.

Part three：The implementation of the international responsibility of a state

Chapter I：Invocation of the responsibility of a State

Article 42：Invocation of responsibility by an injured State

A State is entitled as an injured State to invoke the responsibility of another State if the obligation breached is owed to:

（a）that State individually; or

（b）a group of States including that State, or the international community as a whole, and the breach of the obligation:

（c）specially affects that State; or

（d）is of such a character as radically to change the position of all the other States to which the obligation is owed with respect to the further performance of the obligation.

Article 43：Notice of claim by an injured State

An injured State which invokes the responsibility of another State shall give notice of its claim to that State.

The injured State may specify in particular:

the conduct that the responsible State should take in order to cease the wrongful act, if it is continuing;

what form reparation should take in accordance with the provisions of part two.

Article 44：Admissibility of claims

The responsibility of a State may not be invoked if:

the claim is not brought in accordance with any applicable rule relating to the nationality of claims;

the claim is one to which the rule of exhaustion of local remedies applies and any available and effective local remedy has not been exhausted.

Article 45：Loss of the right to invoke responsibility

The responsibility of a State may not be invoked if:

the injured State has validly waived the claim;

the injured State is to be considered as having, by reason of its conduct, validly acquiesced in the lapse of the claim.

Article 46：Plurality of injured States

Where several States are injured by the same internationally wrongful act, each injured State may separately invoke the responsibility of the State which has committed the internationally wrongful act.

Article 47：Plurality of responsible States

Where  several  States  are  responsible  for  the  same  internationally  wrongful  act,  the responsibility of each State may be invoked in relation to that act.

Paragraph 1:

does not permit any injured State to recover, by way of compensation, more than the damage it has suffered;

is without prejudice to any right of recourse against the other responsible States.

Article 48：Invocation of responsibility by a State other than an injured State

Any State other than an injured State is entitled to invoke the responsibility of another State in accordance with paragraph 2 if:

（a）the obligation breached is owed to a group of States including that State, and is established for the protection of a collective interest of the group; or

（b）the obligation breached is owed to the international community as a whole.

Any State entitled to invoke responsibility under paragraph 1 may claim from the responsible

State:

cessation of the internationally wrongful act, and assurances and guarantees of non-repetition in accordance with article 30; and

performance of the obligation of reparation in accordance with the preceding articles, in the interest of the injured State or of the beneficiaries of the obligation breached.

The requirements for the invocation of responsibility by an injured State under articles 43, 44 and 45 apply to an invocation of responsibility by a State entitled to do so under paragraph 1.

Chapter II：Countermeasures

Article 49：Object and limits of countermeasures

An injured State may only take countermeasures against a State which is responsible for an internationally wrongful act in order to induce that State to comply with its obligations under part two.

Countermeasures are limited to the non-performance for the time being of international obligations of the State taking the measures towards the responsible State.

Countermeasures shall, as far as possible, be taken in such a way as to permit the resumption of performance of the obligations in question.

Article 50：Obligations not affected by countermeasures

Countermeasures shall not affect:

the obligation to refrain from the threat or use of force as embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;

obligations for the protection of fundamental human rights;

obligations of a humanitarian character prohibiting reprisals;

other obligations under peremptory norms of general international law.

A State taking countermeasures is not relieved from fulfilling its obligations:

under any dispute settlement procedure applicable between it and the responsible State;

to respect the inviolability of diplomatic or consular agents, premises, archives and documents.

Article 51：Proportionality

Countermeasures must be commensurate with the injury suffered, taking into account the gravity of the internationally wrongful act and the rights in question.

Article 52：Conditions relating to resort to countermeasures

Before taking countermeasures, an injured State shall:

call upon the responsible State, in accordance with article 43, to fulfil its obligations under part two;

notify the responsible State of any decision to take countermeasures and offer to negotiate with that State.

Notwithstanding paragraph 1 (b), the injured State may take such urgent countermeasures as are necessary to preserve its rights.

Countermeasures may not be taken, and if already taken must be suspended without undue delay if:

the internationally wrongful act has ceased; and

the dispute is pending before a court or tribunal which has the authority to make decisions binding on the parties.

Paragraph 3 does not apply if the responsible State fails to implement the dispute settlement procedures in good faith.

Article 53：Termination of countermeasures

Countermeasures shall be terminated as soon as the responsible State has complied with its obligations under part two in relation to the internationally wrongful act.

Article 54：Measures taken by States other than an injured State

This chapter does not prejudice the right of any State, entitled under article 48, paragraph 1, to invoke the responsibility of another State, to take lawful measures against that State to ensure cessation of the breach and reparation in the interest of the injured State or of the beneficiaries of the obligation breached.

Part four：General provisions

Article 55：Lex specialis

These articles do not apply where and to the extent that the conditions for the existence of an internationally wrongful act or the content or implementation of the international responsibility of a State are governed by special rules of international law.

Article 56：Questions of State responsibility not regulated by these articles

The applicable rules of international law continue to govern questions concerning the responsibility of a State for an internationally wrongful act to the extent that they are not regulated by these articles.

Article 57：Responsibility of an international organization

These articles are without prejudice to any question of the responsibility under international law of an international organization, or of any State for the conduct of an international organization.

Article 58：Individual responsibility

These articles are without prejudice to any question of the individual responsibility under international law of any person acting on behalf of a State.

Article 59：Charter of the United Nations

These articles are without prejudice to the Charter of the United Nations.